Private tutoring has expanded and intensified in China. However, no government statistical
data or other empirical studies fully capture its extent and characteristics. This paper …

Private supplementary tutoring (PST) is a worldwide enterprise that comes in a variety of
forms and with a growing number of students. Sweden, together with the other Nordic …

Recent decades have brought global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, and
China is among countries in which patterns have been especially dramatic. National survey …

This paper endeavours to shed light on the effect of private tutoring for Mathematics,
Chinese and English in various kinds of class-size on students' performances in the National …

The present paper focuses on the regulations on private supplementary tutoring, which in
China is widely called Xiaowai Peixun (). Although much previous international literature …

We estimate the effect of an increased autonomy policy for higher-performing students on
short-and longer-term school outcomes. We exploit an institutional setting with high demand …

Purpose: This article focuses on the development of supplementary education, evolving
under the label “homework support,” in Sweden between 2006 and 2018. Particular …

Purpose: This article examines how individual, school, and social factors shape the
perceptions of students in Senior Secondary Three (SS3; in some schools called Form Six …

As rural people keep migrating to cities in China over the past few decades, tens of millions
of children have been left behind by their parents. In this study, I investigated how Chinese …

Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has been viewed by
many families around the world as a necessary complement to schooling. The analysis …