Glutamate (Glu) is the primary excitatory transmitter in the mammalian brain. But, we know
little about the evolutionary history of this adaptation, including the selection of l-glutamate …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the
loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to motor …

A fundamental breakthrough in neurobiology has been the formulation of the neuron
doctrine by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, which stated that the nervous system is composed of …

Animals are able to move and react in manifold ways to external stimuli. Thus,
environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed, and, finally, an …

Trichoplax adhaerens is a flat, millimeter-sized marine animal that adheres to surfaces and
grazes on algae. Trichoplax displays a repertoire of different feeding behaviors despite the …

Modulating neural activity with electrical or chemical stimulus can be used for fundamental
and applied research. Typically, neuronal stimulation is performed with intracellular and …

Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and
immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have …

Trichoplax adhaerens is a small, ciliated marine animal that glides on surfaces grazing upon
algae, which it digests externally. It has no muscles or nervous system and only six cell …

Placozoa are small disc-shaped animals, representing the simplest known, possibly
ancestral, organization of free-living animals. With only six morphological distinct cell types …

Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish) produce toxins that play central roles in key
ecological processes, including predation, defense, and competition, being the oldest extant …