Host-associated microbiomes play an increasingly appreciated role in animal metabolism,
immunity and health. The microbes in turn depend on their host for resources and can be …

Roads have numerous negative impacts for mammals, but may also serve as attractants due
to altered vegetation or provisioning of resources. We reviewed the use of roads and their …

Anti-predator responses by ungulates can be based on habitat features or on the near-
imminent threat of predators. In dense forest, cues that ungulates use to assess predation …

Animals that must hunt and kill for at least part of their living are inherently interesting to
many people and the role that carnivores play in biological communities attract interest from …

After centuries of population decline and range contraction, gray wolves (Canis lupus) are
now expanding in Europe. Understanding wolf social structure and population dynamics …

Many carnivores defend territories and deposit faeces and other scent marks at specific
latrine sites. The role of latrines in territory defence is well established, but evidence …

Population control of socially complex species may have profound ecological implications
that remain largely invisible if only their abundance is considered. Here we discuss the …

Since the mid-twentieth century, under different management regimes (over 20 years of a
wolf control program followed by 20 years of trophy hunting), wolves were absent or rare in …

In many regions of the Iberian Peninsula, wild ungulates have disappeared and wolves
Canis lupus often depend on garbage dumps and domestic animals. This paper represents …

Predation influences the ecology and behaviour of prey species and it is well known that the
risk of predation affects prey's decision making. We investigated whether predation risk …