Abstract The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International
Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the …

Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in
cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence …

The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and
tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system …

CD4+ T cells are central mediators of autoimmune pathology; however, defining their key
effector functions in specific autoimmune diseases remains challenging. Pathogenic CD4+ T …

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are specialized providers of T cell help to B cells, and are
essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of most high …

CD4+ T cell-derived interleukin 21 (IL-21) sustains CD8+ T cell responses during chronic
viral infection, but the helper subset that confers this protection remains unclear. Here, we …

Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they
determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of …

Follicular helper T cells (T FH) are essential B cell-help providers in the formation of
germinal centers (GCs), affinity maturation of GC B cells, differentiation of high-affinity …

In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of B cells, I take a look back at the
history of T cell help to B cells, which was discovered 47 years ago. In addition, I summarize …