Pregnancy poses an immunological challenge because a genetically distinct (nonself) fetus
must be supported within the pregnant female for the required gestational period …

Embryos express paternal antigens that are foreign to the mother, but the mother provides a
special immune milieu at the fetal–maternal interface to permit rather than reject the embryo …

Successful pregnancy in placental mammals substantially depends on the establishment of
maternal immune tolerance to the semi-allogenic fetus. Disorders in this process are tightly …

Successful pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to tolerate the semi-allogeneic
embryo. A good trophoblast function is also essential for successful embryo implantation …

Early pregnancy is a complex and well-orchestrated differentiation process that involves all
the cellular elements of the fetal-maternal interface. Aberrant trophoblast-decidual …

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common complication in obstetrics, affecting about 5%
of women of childbearing age. An increase in the number of abortions results in escalation …

Identifying the mechanisms underlying unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA)
can help develop effective treatments. This study provides novel insights into the biological …

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses that
affect approximately 5% of conceived women worldwide. RM is a multi-factorial reproductive …

Purpose Recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects up to 2–3% of couples of reproductive age.
There are several causes for this condition, including immunologic. The embryo is …

Successful pregnancy is considered a Th1–Th2 cooperation phenomenon (Th, T-helper),
with a predominantly Th2-type lymphocytes response, together with the emerging role of …