The thalamus is a small, bilateral structure in the diencephalon that integrates signals from
many areas of the CNS. This critical anatomical position allows the thalamus to influence …

Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

INTRODUCTION Neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin, exert
powerful control over neural circuit dynamics that give rise to diverse neural function and …

The concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU), formalized at the 2001 Stroke Progress
Review Group meeting of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke …

Variation in an animal's behavioral state is linked to fluctuations in brain activity and
cognitive ability. In the neocortex, state-dependent circuit dynamics may reflect …

Neural activity and behavior are both notoriously variable, with responses differing widely
between repeated presentation of identical stimuli or trials. Recent results in humans and …

Changes in pupil diameter that reflect effort and other cognitive factors are often interpreted
in terms of the activity of norepinephrine-containing neurons in the brainstem nucleus locus …

We present a first-draft digital reconstruction of the microcircuitry of somatosensory cortex of
juvenile rat. The reconstruction uses cellular and synaptic organizing principles to …

INTRODUCTION Motivational drives are internal states that can explain why animals
adaptively display distinct behaviors in response to the same external stimulus …

Astrocytic Ca2+ signaling has been intensively studied in health and disease but has not
been quantified during natural sleep. Here, we employ an activity-based algorithm to assess …