β-Endorphins are peptides that exert a wide variety of effects throughout the body. Produced
through the cleavage pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), β-endorphins are the primarily agonist …

The free radical gas, nitric oxide is now known to be an important biological messenger in
animals. Signal transmission by a gas that is produced by one cell, penetrates through …

In the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons inhibit
feeding and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) neurons stimulate feeding. We tested whether neurons …

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is characteristically induced in men by intrathecal,
transdermal, or sustained-action opioids. Although women receiving intrathecal opioids …

Background The use of strong opioids for treatment of noncancer chronic pain has
increased. However, strong evidence for sustained pain relief and improved function is …

Dehydroepandrosterone (DHEA)–dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) deficiency
often produces fatigue, depression, weakness, and sexual dysfunction, which improve …

During infection, bacterial and viral products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS),
cause the release of cytokines from immune cells. These cytokines can reach the brain by …

The pubertal process is initiated as a result of complex neuroendocrine interactions within
the preoptic and hypothalamic regions of the brain. These interactions ultimately result in a …

Mammalian reproduction is a costly process in terms of energy consumption. The critical
information regarding metabolic status is signaled to the hypothalamus mainly through …

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS), an enzyme with
three isoforms. Two of them, neuronal and endothelial (nNOS and eNOS, respectively), are …