Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a
rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those …

Influenza incidence and seasonality, along with virus survival and transmission, appear to
depend at least partly on humidity, and recent studies have suggested that absolute …

Analyses of HPAI H5 viruses from poultry outbreaks across a wide Eurasian region since
July 2020 including the Russian Federation, Republics of Iraq and Kazakhstan, and recent …

In recent years, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses have been
prevalent around the world in both avian and mammalian species, causing serious …

Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza
HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus–host membrane …

For decades, hemagglutinin (HA) protein structure and its refolding mechanism have served
as a paradigm for understanding protein-mediated membrane fusion. HA trimers are in a …

High-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have arisen from low-pathogenicity avian
influenza (LPAI) viruses via changes in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site, which …

Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly in
humans. Widespread outbreaks (pandemics) are attributable to 'novel'viruses that possess a …

Influenza A virus strains adopt different host specificities mainly depending on their
hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Via HA, the virus binds sialic acid receptors of the host cell and …

The influenza A virus (IAV) HA protein must be activated by host cells proteases in order to
prime the molecule for fusion. Consequently, the availability of activating proteases and the …