Abstract Background HIV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are
substantial public health threats in the region of Central Asia and the Caucasus, where the …

The objective was to delineate hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology in countries of Central
Asia (CA), specifically Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. A …

Background HIV incidence is increasing in eastern Europe and central Asia, primarily driven
by injecting drug use. Coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and opioid agonist therapy …

Women who inject drugs (WWID) are at higher risk of HIV compared with their male
counterparts as a result of multiple factors, including biological, behavioral, and …

Background Ukraine has the second-largest HIV epidemic in Europe, with most new cases
officially attributed to heterosexual transmission. Indirect evidence suggested substantial …

Introduction WHO recommends assisted partner notification (APN) for people living with HIV
(PLHIV). These services have not been widely scaled in Central Asia. We describe the …

Background Multiple drug and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID)
in intimate relationships increase the risk of HIV and HCV transmission. Using data on PWID …

Introduction Female sexual partners of men who inject drugs (MWID) living with HIV are at
risk of HIV transmission. HIV prevalence estimates among non-drug using female sex …

Background The HIV epidemic in Bangladesh is largely being driven by people who inject
drugs (PWID) and mainly concentrated in Dhaka city. Intregrated biological and behavioural …

Background Persons who inject drugs (PWID) have higher HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV)
seroprevalence than the general population in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The …