The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine
chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their …

Abstract Structure and function are highly correlated in the vertebrate retina, a sensory tissue
that is organized into cell layers with microcircuits working in parallel and together to encode …

Patterns of gene expression can be used to characterize and classify neuronal types. It is
challenging, however, to generate taxonomies that fulfill the essential criteria of being …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

Retinal bipolar cells are the first'projection neurons' of the vertebrate visual system—all of
the information needed for vision is relayed by this intraretinal connection. Each of the at …

Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform
complex tasks. Understanding how humans see thus represents one of the most …

We rely on our visual system to cope with the vast barrage of incoming light patterns and to
extract features from the scene that are relevant to our well-being. The necessary reduction …

Light exerts widespread effects on physiology and behaviour. As well as the widely-
appreciated role of light in vision, light also plays a critical role in many non-visual …

Understanding the neural basis of visual perception is a long-standing fundamental goal of
neuroscience. Historically, most vision studies were carried out on humans, macaques and …

Some fundamental principles of colour vision, deduced from perceptual studies, have been
understood for a long time. Physiological studies have confirmed the existence of three …