A century of research has generated considerable disagreement on the effect of forests on
floods. Here we call for a causal inference framework to advance the science and …

Emergence and causality are two fundamental concepts for understanding complex
systems. They are interconnected. On one hand, emergence refers to the phenomenon …

“Emergence”, the phenomenon where a complex system displays properties, behaviours, or
dynamics not trivially reducible to its constituent elements, is one of the defining properties of …

Quantifying emergence and modeling emergent dynamics in a data-driven manner for
complex dynamical systems is challenging due to the fact that emergent behaviors cannot …

Biology is undergoing a quiet but profound transformation. Several aspects of the standard
picture of how life works—the idea of the genome as a blueprint, of genes as instructions for …

Obviously, the discussion of different factors that could have contributed to the origin of life
and evolution is clear speculation, since there is no way of checking the validity of most of …

The theory of causal emergence based on effective information (EI) suggests that complex
systems may exhibit a phenomenon called causal emergence (CE), where the macro …

Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Causation in the Emergent Hierarchy. 2. 1. Hierarchy. 2. 2.
Emergence. 2. 3. Specific Outcomes: Upward Emergence and Downward Causation. 2. 4 …

In neuroscience, the search for the causes of behavior is often just taken to be the search for
neural mechanisms. This view typically involves three forms of causal reduction: first, from …

The high-dimesionality, non-linearity and emergent properties of complex systems pose a
challenge to identifying general laws in the same manner that has been so successful in …