Purpose This review integrated the current literature on diffusion of whitening agents, their
interactions with stain molecules, and changes to the surface, with the aim of establishing a …

The skin barrier function has been attributed to the stratum corneum and represents a major
challenge in clinical practice pertaining to cutaneous administration of drugs. Despite this, a …

Cocrystals are an emerging class of crystalline materials composed of two or more different
molecules in the same crystal lattice that are physically connected by non-ionic and non …

The Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Biotechnological
Applications provides detailed information on membrane separation technologies as they …

This review presents an overview about pharmaceutical and cosmetic topical products
containing polymeric nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules), reporting the main …

Franz diffusion cell was primarily used to evaluate the permeability and stability of
formulations such as topical (gels and creams) and transdermal (lipid nanoparticle …

Dermal and transdermal drug therapy is increasing in importance nowadays in drug
development. To completely utilize the potential of this administration route, it is necessary to …

This review defines chemotherapeutic engineering as an engineering discipline that applies
and further develops chemical engineering principles, techniques and devices for …

Limited permeability through the stratum corneum (SC) is a major obstacle for numerous
skin care products. One promising approach is to use lipid nanoparticles as they not only …

In the present study, in vitro permeation experiments in a Franz diffusion cell were performed
using different synthetic polymeric membranes and pig ear skin to evaluate a rivastigmine …