Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic heart disease associated with
obesity relative to men. Sex hormones have been proposed as a mechanism that …

Research efforts during the past decades have provided intriguing evidence suggesting that
stressful experiences during pregnancy exert long-term consequences on the future mental …

Sex has a role in the incidence and outcome of neurological illnesses, also influencing the
response to treatments. Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset and progression of …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …

Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem, and a major cause of the disease is
estrogen deficiency following menopause in women. In addition, considerable evidence …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous
system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in …

Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is
one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone …

Menopause is associated with a natural decline in estrogen, that increases visceral fat mass,
decreases bone mass density, muscle mass, and strength. This review will examine the role …

Background There is growing awareness that tumour cells build up a “self-advantageous”
microenvironment that reduces effectiveness of anti-tumour immune response. While many …

The liver is one of the most essential organs involved in the regulation of energy
homeostasis. Hepatic steatosis, a major manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is associated …