What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Abstract The interleukin-2 (IL-2) family cytokines include IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-
21, which share γ chain (γc) subunit in receptors. The IL-2 family cytokines have unique …

Mammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli
present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very different functions. Although …

We report on the expression analysis and functional characterization of IL-4/13A and IL-
4/13B in goldfish. Quantitative analysis indicated the highest expression in the heart, spleen …

Abstract Mammalian interleukin-4 (IL-4) and− 13 (IL-13), two anti-inflammatory T helper cell
type 2 (Th2) cytokines, play the central roles in mediating the alternative activation of …

Th2 immunity is a primary host defence against metazoan pathogens and two of the
important cytokines involved in this immune response in mammals are IL-4 and IL-13 …

In this chapter the cytokine molecules and pathways present in teleost fish are described,
with a focus on the different types of immunity with which they are associated. Whilst there …

Abstract Mammalian interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 13 (IL-13) molecules are anti-
inflammatory cytokines mediating the alternative activation of macrophages. However, the …

In this study we show that four arginase isoforms (arg1a, arg1b, arg2a, arg2b) exist in
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We have …

Cytokines, a class of small molecular proteins with a wide range of biological activities, are
secreted mainly by immune cells and function by binding to the corresponding receptors to …