The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

While neurosurgical interventions are frequently used in laboratory mice, refinement efforts
to optimize analgesic management based on multimodal approaches appear to be rather …

Background The noradrenergic neurons of locus coeruleus (LC) project to the spinal dorsal
horn (SDH), and release norepinephrine (NE) to inhibit pain transmission. However, its …

Chronic pain is a complex and challenging medical condition that affects millions of people
worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain is a key goal of …

Pain and its alleviation are currently a highly studied issue in human health. Research on
pain and response to analgesia has evolved to include the effects of genetics, heritability …

Anesthesia and analgesia are major components of many interventional studies on
laboratory animals. However, various studies have shown improper reporting or use of …

Simple Summary In the past, there was a strong focus on avoiding or reducing negative
animal welfare in animal experimentation. Recently, the importance of promoting positive …

Simple Summary The ability to identify and assess pain is paramount in animal research to
address the 'refinement'principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement), satisfy …

Nociception, a somatic discriminative aspect of pain, is, like touch, represented in the
primary somatosensory cortex (S1), but the separation and interaction of the two modalities …