Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most intensively studied drug targets, mostly
due to their substantial involvement in human pathophysiology and their pharmacological …

Morphine and fentanyl are among the most used opioid drugs that confer analgesia and
unwanted side effects through both G protein and arrestin signaling pathways of μ-opioid …

Psychedelics are a broad class of drugs defined by their ability to induce an altered state of
consciousness,. These drugs have been used for millennia in both spiritual and medicinal …

This review provides an overview of the clinical issue of poorly controlled postoperative pain
and therapeutic approaches that may help to address this common unresolved health-care …

Opioids are a mainstay of acute pain management but can have many adverse effects,
contributing to problematic long-term use. Opioid tolerance (increased dose needed for …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human
genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs …

Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Biased agonism at G protein–coupled receptors describes the phenomenon whereby some
drugs can activate some downstream signaling activities to the relative exclusion of others …

Morphine is an alkaloid from the opium poppy used to treat pain. The potentially lethal side
effects of morphine and related opioids—which include fatal respiratory depression—are …