Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus is
central to the maturation of the antibody response and crucially requires the cytidine …

Humoral immune responses are sexually dimorphic. Female individuals generally exhibit
more-robust antibody responses to vaccines and, in the clinical setting as well as in …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate and propionate are metabolites from dietary fiber's
fermentation by gut microbiota that can affect differentiation or functions of T cells …

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in a B cell differentiation stage-
specific fashion and is essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene class switch DNA …

Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), which require
activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and plasma cell differentiation, which requires …

Epigenetic modifications, such as histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation,
and alteration of gene expression by non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and …

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the
production of an array of pathogenic autoantibodies, including high-affinity anti-dsDNA IgG …

The differences between male and female immune systems are an under-researched field,
ripe for discovery. This is evidenced by the stark sex biases seen in autoimmunity and …

Introduction The process of immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) occurs in
secondary lymphoid organs. This highly regulated process is essential for the development …

Ig class switch DNA recombination (CSR) in B cells is crucial to the maturation of antibody
responses. It requires IgH germline IH-CH transcription and expression of AID, both of which …