The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was discovered several decades ago in the cat.
It was functionally defined based on the ability of low threshold electrical stimuli within a …

Abstract Purpose of Review Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment in
several movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and Tourette …

Subcortical structures are a relative neurophysiological 'terra incognita'owing to their
location within the skull. While perioperative subcortical sensing has been performed for …

The frontal lobe is crucial and contributes to controlling truncal motion, postural responses,
and maintaining equilibrium and locomotion. The rich repertoire of frontal gait disorders …

Background: Axial symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be debilitating and are often
refractory to conventional therapies such as dopamine replacement therapy and deep brain …

Background: The Parkinsonian [ie, Parkinson's disease (PD)] gait disorder represents a
therapeutical challenge with residual symptoms despite the use of deep brain stimulation of …

Background The contribution of cholinergic degeneration to gait disturbance in Parkinson's
disease (PD) is increasingly recognized, yet its relationship with dopaminergic-resistant gait …

Locomotion in humans is defined as bipedal progression through stages of a gait cycle to
move from one place to another while maintaining balance and posture. Locomotion can be …

The management of disabling axial disabilities in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) is
challenging since they are frequently insensitive to pharmacotherapy and deep brain …

In this review, different aspects of the use of clinical neurophysiology techniques for the
treatment of movement disorders are addressed. First of all, these techniques can be used to …