This review focuses on covert attention and how it alters early vision. I explain why attention
is considered a selective process, the constructs of covert attention, spatial endogenous and …

Although we may not realize it, our brain function varies markedly from moment to moment
such that our brain responses exhibit substantial variability across trials even in response to …

We compare the robustness of humans and current convolutional deep neural networks
(DNNs) on object recognition under twelve different types of image degradations. First, using …

Human visual object recognition is typically rapid and seemingly effortless, as well as largely
independent of viewpoint and object orientation. Until very recently, animate visual systems …

Contrast sensitivity defines the threshold between the visible and invisible, which has
obvious significance for basic and clinical vision science. Fechner's 1860 review reported …

To perform visual search, humans, like many mammals, encode a large field of view with
retinas having variable spatial resolution, and then use high-speed eye movements to direct …

A letter in the peripheral visual field is much harder to identify in the presence of nearby
letters. This is “crowding.” Both crowding and ordinary masking are special cases of …

Gordon Lynn Walls, a comparative anatomist, observed,“If asked what aspect of vision
means the most to them, a watchmaker may answer 'acuity,'a night flier 'sensitivity,'and an …

An ideal observer is a hypothetical device that performs optimally in a perceptual task given
the available information. The theory of ideal observers has proven to be a powerful and …

Seeking to understand how people recognize objects, we have examined how they identify
letters. We expected this 26-way classification of familiar forms to challenge the popular …