The AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and TOR (target-of-rapamycin) pathways are
interlinked, opposing signaling pathways involved in sensing availability of nutrients and …

The increasing extension in life expectancy of human beings in developed countries is
accompanied by a progressively greater rate of degenerative diseases associated with …

Cells respond to mitochondrial poisons with rapid activation of the adenosine
monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK), causing acute metabolic changes …

Autophagy causes the breakdown of damaged proteins and organelles to their constituent
components. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway played an important role in …

Lysosomes are essential catabolic organelles with an acidic lumen and dozens of hydrolytic
enzymes. The detrimental consequences of lysosomal leakage have been well known since …

Despite being the frontline therapy for type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms of action of the
biguanide drug metformin are still being discovered. In particular, the detailed molecular …

Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor suppressor gene responsible for the inherited Birt-Hogg-Dubé
(BHD) syndrome, which affects kidneys, skin and lungs. FLCN is a highly conserved protein …

Objective The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gets activated in response to energetic
stress such as contractions and plays a vital role in regulating various metabolic processes …

Autophagy is a critical regulator of cellular survival, differentiation, development, and
homeostasis, dysregulation of which is associated with diverse diseases including cancer …

Germline mutations that activate genes in the canonical RAS/MAPK signaling pathway are
responsible for rare human developmental disorders known as RASopathies. Here, we …