Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T
cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules …

For over 35 years since Mosmann and Coffman proposed the seminal “type 1 T helper
(Th1)/type 2 T helper (Th2)” hypothesis in 1986, the immunological community has …

Many parasitic worms possess complex and intriguing life cycles, and schistosomes are no
exception. To exit the human body and progress to their successive snail host, Schistosoma …

Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or
below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in the orchestration of the various forms of immunity and
tolerance. Their immunoregulatory role mainly relies on the ligation of specific receptors that …

Schistosomes are parasitic worms that are a prime example of a complex multicellular
pathogen that flourishes in the human host despite the development of a pronounced …

The increase of allergic diseases in the industrialized world has often been explained by a
decline in infections during childhood. The immunological explanation has been put into the …

Immunology was founded by studying the body's response to infectious microorganisms,
and yet microbial prokaryotes only tell half the story of the immune system. Eukaryotic …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the defence against pathogens. Invading pathogens are
recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptors such as C-type lectins expressed on …

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) tailor immune responses to microbial encounters by
stimulating differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 and Th2 lineages. We demonstrate that …