Hard-magnetic soft materials (hMSMs) are smart composites that consist of a mechanically
soft polymer matrix impregnated with mechanically hard magnetic filler particles. This dual …

Shape-morphing structures, which are able to change their shapes from one state to
another, are important in a wide range of engineering applications. A popular scenario is …

Hydrogels are becoming increasingly attractive for various practical applications owing to
significant improvements in their fracture resistance over the past two decades. Notably …

From plants tracking the sun to the aerodynamics of bird wings, shape change is key to the
performance of natural structures. After years of reliance on mechanical joints, human …

Bi-layered composites capable of self-shaping are of increasing relevance to science and
engineering. They can be made out of anisotropic materials that are responsive to changes …

Plant tissues are constructed as composite material systems of stiff cellulose microfibers
reinforcing a soft matrix. Thus, they comprise smart and multifunctional structures that can …

In this work, polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels with different water contents (WCs) were
prepared, and stress-controlled cyclic experiments were carried out. The effect of water …

Fiber‐reinforced hydrogel composites are widely employed in many engineering
applications, such as drug release, and flexible electronics, with more flexible mechanical …

Two-dimensional shape-morphing networks are common in biological systems and have
garnered attention due to their nontrivial physical properties that emanate from their cellular …

In this paper, we suggest a design strategy for multilayer hydrogel beams with controllable
swelling deformation and bending, which can be used in soft devices. We adopt a …