Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract,
referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors playing a fundamental role in
sensing microbial invasion and initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are …

METHODS We conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study to enroll patients with
COVID-19 and collect plasma samples. Plasma cfDNA was subject to bisulfite sequencing …

The landmark discovery of pattern-recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors
(TLRs), furthered our understanding on how the host rapidly responds to invading …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors
(NLRs), and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), play a pivotal role in the initiation of innate immune …

Prevalence and incidence of IgE-mediated allergic diseases have increased over the past
years in developed and developing countries. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is …

A close relationship exists between gut microbiota and immune responses. An imbalance of
this relationship can determine local and systemic immune diseases. In fact the immune …

The extrusion of DNA traps contributes to a key mechanism in which innate immune cells
clear pathogens or induce sterile inflammation. Here we provide evidence that CD4+ T cells …

Bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs can activate immune cells to release
proinflammatory cytokines. Here, the role of bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs in …

Progression of tuberculosis is tightly linked to a disordered immune balance, resulting in
inability of the host to restrict intracellular bacterial replication and its subsequent …