There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

Estrogen appears to play a central role in the immune response and immunemediated
diseases. Estrogen receptors are expressed in a variety of immunocompetent cells …

The reduced cortisol and adrenal androgen secretion observed during testing in rheumatoid
arthritis patients not treated with glucocoticoids should be considered as a “relative adrenal …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that is favorably influenced by
pregnancy but relapses after delivery. A variety of circulating factors has been considered as …

During pregnancy, the fetus represents a natural allograft that is not normally rejected. While
the maternal immune system retains the ability to respond to foreign antigens, tolerance …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized
by a defect in immune tolerance and exacerbated by both the innate and adaptive arms of …

During pregnancy the maternal immune system is modified in order to achieve immune
tolerance toward paternal antigen expressed on foetal cells. These modifications, which …

One of the most important immunological modifications during pregnancy is the Th1/Th2
shift, due to the progressive increase of progesterone and estrogens during pregnancy …

Although it is widely considered, in many cases, to involve two separable stages (poor
placentation followed by oxidative stress/inflammation), the precise originating causes of …

This review examines the risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) flares during pregnancy. In preconception, anti-DNA, hypocomplementemia, previous …