The heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme system catabolizes heme to carbon monoxide (CO),
ferrous iron, and biliverdin-IXα (BV), which is reduced to bilirubin-IXα (BR) by biliverdin …

Bilirubin has several physiological functions, both beneficial and harmful. In addition to
reactive oxygen species-scavenging activities, bilirubin has potent immunosuppressive …

Ferritinophagy is a type of autophagy mediated by nuclear receptor activator 4 (NCOA4),
which plays a role in inducing ferroptosis by regulating iron homeostasis and producing …

Chronic arsenic (As) exposure, mainly as a result of drinking contaminated water, is
associated with cardiovascular diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress …

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death, was first defined in 2012. Ferroptosis mainly
involves iron-driven lipid peroxidation damage of cells. This process is regulated by iron …

Significance: Skeletal muscles have a robust regenerative capacity in response to acute and
chronic injuries. Muscle repair and redox homeostasis are intimately linked; increased …

Although the pathological significance of myeloid cell heterogeneity is still poorly
understood, new evidence indicates that distinct macrophage subsets are characterized by …

Cadmium (Cd) is a pervasive toxic metal, present in most food types, cigarette smoke, and
air. Most cells in the body will assimilate Cd, as its charge and ionic radius are similar to the …

An autoimmune disease is the consequence of the immune system attacking healthy cells,
tissues, and organs by mistake instead of protecting them. Inflammation and oxidative stress …

The transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator of multiple cytoprotective genes that
maintain redox homeostasis and exert anti-inflammatory functions. The Nrf2-Keap1 …