Addictive behavior associated with alcoholism is characterized by compulsive
preoccupation with obtaining alcohol, loss of control over consumption, and development of …

The neurobiological processes by which ethanol seeking and consumption are established
and maintained are thought to involve areas of the brain that mediate motivated behavior …

The Indiana lines of selected rats, the HAD and LAD replicates and the P and NP lines, were
bred for high and low alcohol preference. The P and HAD lines have met criteria for an …

The role of the dopamine (DA) system in brain reward mechanisms and the development of
substance abuse has been well established. We review earlier animal and human studies …

The dopaminergic system originating in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been
extensively studied over the past decades as a critical neural substrate involved in the …

Background: Alcohol abuse levels are very high in adolescents, creating a significant
societal issue. It has been shown that people who begin alcohol use as adolescents are …

Alcohol use increases across adolescence and is a concern in the United States. In humans,
males and females consume different amounts of alcohol depending on the age of initiation …

Rationale Recently, a simple procedure was described, drinking in the dark (DID), in which
C57BL/6J mice self-administer ethanol to the point of intoxication. The test consists of …

Background: Previous studies indicated that chronic alcohol drinking increased the
sensitivity of the posterior ventral tegmental area (p‐VTA) to the reinforcing effects of …

The purpose of this review is to present up-to-date pharmacological, genetic, and behavioral
findings from the alcohol-preferring P rat and summarize similar past work. Behaviorally, the …