G protein-biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) have been proposed as an
improved class of opioid analgesics. Recent studies have been unable to reproduce the …

Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a
significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides …

Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels allow K+ to move more easily into rather than out of the
cell. They have diverse physiological functions depending on their type and their location …

Increased activity of dopamine-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area is
necessary for the reinforcing effects of opioids and other abused drugs. Intracellular …

The molecular and cellular actions of three classes of abused drugs—opiates,
psychostimulants, and ethanol—are reviewed in the context of behavioral studies of drug …

In this review we propose that there are sex differences in how men and women enter onto
the path that can lead to addiction. Males are more likely than females to engage in risky …

Although hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation is generally considered to be the
hallmark of the stress response, many of the same stimuli that initiate this response also …

Fentanyl is a key therapeutic, used in anaesthesia and pain management. It is also
increasingly used illicitly and is responsible for a large and growing number of opioid …

The primary structure of G proteins as deduced from purified proteins and cloned subunits is
presented. When known, their functions are discussed, as are recent data on direct …

Intracellular recordings were made from 475 rat substantia nigra zona compacta neurons in
vitro. The region from which recordings were made was rich in catecholamine fluorescence …