Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Innate immunity driven by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) protects the host from invading
pathogens. Aquatic animals like fish where the adaptive immunity is poorly developed …

INTRODUCTION Nucleotide-binding (NB), leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs)
mediate plant immunity by directly or indirectly sensing pathogen effector proteins delivered …

Summary Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is an enzyme in human cells that controls an
immune response to cytosolic DNA. Upon binding DNA, cGAS synthesizes a nucleotide …

Upon detecting pathogens or cell stress, several NOD-like receptors (NLRs) form
inflammasome complexes with the adapter ASC and caspase-1, inducing gasdermin D …

Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) have recently emerged as central orchestrators of
immunity to infection, inflammation, and neoplastic diseases. Within numerous host cell …

The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits
associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that …

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants involves a large family of nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, including Toll/IL-1 receptor-NLRs (TNLs) and …

Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security.
Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (eg application of pesticides) …

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-
binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition …