The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth
century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been …

Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which
large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (∼ 10–50 km) are …

The Arctic is warming at a rate twice the global average and severe winter weather is
reported to be increasing across many heavily populated mid-latitude regions, but there is …

Successive cold winters of severely low temperatures in recent years have had critical social
and economic impacts on the mid-latitude continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Although …

The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent
seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have …

Local and remote impacts of seasonal snow cover on atmospheric circulation have been
explored extensively, with observational and modelling efforts focusing on how Eurasian …

In recent years, the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes have suffered from severe winters
like the extreme 2012/13 winter in the eastern United States. These cold spells were linked …

The recent overall Northern Hemisphere warming was accompanied by several severe
northern continental winters, as for example, extremely cold winter 2005–2006 in Europe …

The most up to date consensus from global climate models predicts warming in the Northern
Hemisphere (NH) high latitudes to middle latitudes during boreal winter. However, recent …

Seasonal climate forecasts occupy an intermediate zone between weather forecasting and
climate projections. They share with the numerical weather prediction the difficulty of …