Photorhabdus is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae that lives in a mutualistic
association with a Heterorhabditis nematode worm. The nematode worm burrows into insect …

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become an important model for the study of
innate immunity. Its immune system is based on several signaling cascades, including a Toll …

The nematode C. elegans is attracted to nutritious bacteria and is repelled by pathogens
and toxins. Here we show that RNAi and toxin-mediated disruption of core cellular activities …

An organism's fitness is critically reliant on its immune system to provide protection against
parasites and pathogens. The structure of even simple immune systems is surprisingly …

A large body of evidence indicates that metazoan innate immunity is regulated by the
nervous system, but the mechanisms involved in the process and the biological importance …

The National Research Council has outlined the need for non-mammalian toxicological
models to test the potential health effects of a large number of chemicals while also reducing …

Background There are striking similarities between the innate immune systems of
invertebrates and vertebrates. Caenorhabditis elegans is increasingly used as a model for …

The coevolution between hosts and parasites is predicted to have complex evolutionary
consequences for both antagonists, often within short time periods. To date, conclusive …

Abstract Background The Gram-negative bacterium Photorhabdus asymbiotica (Pa) has
been recovered from human infections in both North America and Australia. Recently, Pa …

Nematodes and bacteria are major components of the soil ecosystem. Many nematodes use
bacteria for food, whereas others evolved specialized bacterial interactions ranging from …