This transdisciplinary review of the literature addresses the questions, Do stress and
negative affect (NA) promote smoking? and Does smoking genuinely relieve stress and NA …

Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in many plants. The principal sources of
nicotine exposure is through the use of tobacco, nicotine containing gum and nicotine …

A number of brain systems have been implicated in addictive behavior, but none have yet
been shown to be necessary for maintaining the addiction to cigarette smoking. We found …

An increased cortisol response to challenge is associated with a variety of age-related
disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and …

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to stressful life events was
associated with changes in levels of circulating cortisol during pregnancy in a population of …

Cigarette smoking is associated acutely with elevated cortisol levels. However, the results of
comparisons of cortisol levels in smokers and non-smokers have been inconsistent, and the …

Two are the issues on cannabis addiction that provoke more controversy from a research
perspective. The first one is related to the development of tolerance phenomena and, in …

This paper addresses methodological issues in the assessment of nicotine withdrawal and
craving in clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies. We define withdrawal as a syndrome …

Studies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in persons with posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) have produced variable findings. This review focuses on the factors likely to …

The genotoxic effects of tobacco carcinogens have long been recognized, the contribution of
tobacco components to cancerogenesis by cell surface receptor signaling is relatively …