Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death, despite enormous efforts to explore
cancer biology and develop anticancer therapies. The main challenges in cancer research …

The interactions among tumour cells, the tumour microenvironment (TME) and non-tumour
tissues are of interest to many cancer researchers. Micro-engineering approaches and …

Awareness that traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro and nonrepresentative animal
models may not completely emulate the 3D hierarchical complexity of tissues and organs is …

Although many studies have focused on oncology and therapeutics in cancer, cancer
remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Due to the unclear molecular …

Limited blood supply and rapid tumor metabolism within solid tumors leads to nutrient
starvation, waste product accumulation and the generation of pH gradients across the tumor …

Understanding complex cell–cell interactions and physiological microenvironments is critical
for the development of new therapies for treating human diseases. Current animal models …

Oxygen (O2) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in
cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have …

Cells in a tumor microenvironment are exposed to spatial and temporal variations in oxygen
tension due to hyperproliferation and immature vascularization. Such spatiotemporal oxygen …

Biological tissues are highly organized structures where spatial-temporal gradients (eg,
nutrients, hypoxia, cytokines) modulate multiple physiological and pathological processes …

Despite tremendous advancements in oncology research and therapeutics, cancer remains
a primary cause of death worldwide. One of the significant factors in this critical challenge is …