I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder
characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, leading to persistent synovitis and joint …

Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) refers to a chronic lung disease which is
commonly observed in preterm infants. It can usually be caused by several pathological …

Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent disease with a high annual cost of
treatment. Immune deficiencies are more common in individuals with CRS and should be …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways of which
two major phenotypes exist, CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and CRS with nasal …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is defined in adults as persistent symptoms of sinonasal
inflammation for 12 or more weeks with confirmatory objective findings on nasal endoscopy …

The coexistence of ulcerative colitis (UC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involves
a intricate interplay, though the precise pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive. To …

Background The main cause of the liver fibrosis (LF) remains hepatitis B virus (HBV)
infection, especially in China. Histologically, liver fibrosis still occurs progressively in chronic …

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may be the primary presenting symptom for primary
immunodeficiencies (PID). PID can affect the humoral or the cellular immune system. This …