Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) exist in different forms owing to multiple
combinations of subunits that can assemble into a functional receptor. In addition, they are …

The hypothalamus is key in the control of energy balance. However, strategies targeting
hypothalamic neurons have failed to provide viable options to treat most metabolic diseases …

Adverse early-life experiences, such as poor maternal care, program an abnormal stress
response that may involve an altered balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals …

The hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei contain magnocellular
neurosecretory cells (MNC s) that project to the posterior pituitary gland where they secrete …

Natural fluctuations in physiological conditions require adaptive responses involving rapid
and reversible structural and functional changes in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine …

The levels of the astrocyte markers (GFAP, S100B) were increased unevenly in patients with
schizophrenia. Reactive astrogliosis was found in approximately 70% of patients with …

Angiotensin II (AngII) is a key neuropeptide that acting within the brain hypothalamic
paraventricular nucleus regulates neurohumoral outflow to the circulation. Moreover, an …

Hyperexcitable neuronal networks are mechanistically linked to the pathologic and clinical
features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes are a primary defense against …

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is important for maternal physiology and childcare, including
parturition and milk ejection during nursing,,,,–. Suckling triggers the release of oxytocin, but …