Bottom‐up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and
function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry …

Although the complexity of synthetic cells has continued to increase in recent years,
chemical communication between protocell models and living organisms remains a key …

The design and construction of synthetic therapeutic protocells capable of establishing
cognate chemical communication channels with living cells is an important challenge for …

Multicellular organisms rely on intercellular communication to coordinate the behaviour of
individual cells, which enables their differentiation and hierarchical organization. Various …

The construction of artificial cells from inanimate molecular building blocks is one of the
grand challenges of our time. In addition to being used as simplified cell models to decipher …

Cells in tissues or biofilms communicate with one another through chemical and mechanical
signals to coordinate collective behaviors. Non-living cell mimics provide simplified models …

Building an artificial cell is a research area that is rigorously studied in the field of synthetic
biology. It has brought about much attention with the aim of ultimately constructing a natural …

Although several new types of synthetic cell-like entities are now available, their structural
integration into spatially interlinked prototissues that communicate and display coordinated …

Fabrication of artificial biomimetic materials has attracted abundant attention. As one of the
subcategories of biomimetic materials, artificial cells are highly significant for multiple …

The new generation of cell-free gene expression systems enables the prototyping and
engineering of biological systems in vitro over a remarkable scope of applications and …