The innate immune system utilizes pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect the
invasion of pathogens and initiate host antimicrobial responses such as the production of …

The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of intracellular
proteins were originally identified as signaling adaptors that bind directly to the cytoplasmic …

A novel SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has recently emerged as a serious
pathogen that causes high morbidity and substantial mortality. However, the mechanisms by …

Summary Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent inflammatory cytokine that is usually cleaved and
activated by inflammasome-associated caspase-1. To determine whether IL-1β activation is …

RNA virus infections are detected by the RIG-I family of receptors, which induce type-I
interferons through the mitochondrial protein MAVS. MAVS forms large prion-like polymers …

Viral infection activates several transcription factors including NF-κB and IRF3, which
collaborate to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and innate antiviral response. MITA (also …

A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition
receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable …

Ubiquitination is a post‐translational modification process that has been implicated in the
regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. There is increasing evidence that both …

Various cellular stress conditions trigger mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release from
mitochondria into the cytosol. The released mtDNA is sensed by the cGAS-MITA/STING …

Apoptosis is a tightly regulated cellular process and faulty regulation of apoptosis is a
hallmark of human cancers. Targeting key apoptosis regulators with the goal to restore …