Microbial infections are controlled by host inflammatory responses that are initiated by
innate immune receptors after recognition of conserved microbial products. As inflammation …

Since the discovery of antibiotics in the first quarter of the twentieth century, their use has
been the principal approach to treat bacterial infection. Modernized medicine such as …

Background Upcoming vaccination efforts against typhoid fever require an assessment of
the baseline burden of disease in countries at risk. There are no typhoid incidence data from …

Background The emergence of increasingly antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (S Typhi) threatens to undermine effective treatment and control …

Background Available incidence data for invasive salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa
are scarce. Standardised, multicountry data are required to better understand the nature and …

Not all Salmonella enterica serovars cause the same disease. S. enterica represents an
incredibly diverse species comprising> 2,600 unique serovars. While some S. enterica …

Multiple drug (antibiotic) resistance (MDR) has become a major threat to the treatment of
typhoid and other infectious diseases. Since the 1970s, this threat has increased in …

Although nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS; including Salmonella Typhimurium) mainly cause
gastroenteritis, typhoidal serovars (Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A) cause …

Typhoid fever is the result of a human host‐restricted Salmonella enteric serotype typhi
infection that causes enteric fever. Around 21 million people contract typhoid annually, with …

Background Pakistan is currently facing the largest outbreak of ceftriaxone-resistant
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi described to date. Here we aimed to report the outbreak …