Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative
affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus− response associations, or a compulsion …

Addiction was suggested to emerge from the progressive dominance of habits over goal-
directed behaviors. However, it is generally assumed that habits do not persist in choice …

We address the relation between goal-driven and habitual behaviors. Whereas in recent
years the two have been juxtaposed, we suggest that habitual behavior is in fact goal-driven …

Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Here we
review studies that indicate that compulsive drug use, and in particular punishment …

Animal studies have demonstrated that chronic exposure to drugs of abuse impairs goal‐
directed control over action selection indexed by the outcome‐devaluation and specific …

Methamphetamine (meth) is one of the most abused substances worldwide. Chronic use
has been associated with repeated relapse episodes that may be exacerbated by cognitive …

Animal behavioural research has shown that chronic drug exposure renders instrumental
behaviour prone to habitual as opposed to goal-directed control. It is claimed that the same …

The present paper reviews foundational and contemporary theories of motivated behaviors
and the growing body of evidence that they require specific functional interactions within the …

The causal pathway from vulnerability to drug use and addiction involves a complex
interaction between genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. An individual can …

Negative affective states can increase the rewarding value of drugs of abuse and promote
drug taking. Chronic cocaine exposure increases levels of the neuropeptide dynorphin, an …