Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium,
lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural …

Drought stress, being the inevitable factor that exists in various environments without
recognizing borders and no clear warning thereby hampering plant biomass production …

Drought is one of the major constraints to rain-fed agricultural production, especially under
climate change conditions. Plants evolved an array of adaptive strategies that perceive …

Breeding crop plants with increased yield potential and improved tolerance to stressful
environments is critical for global food security. Drought stress (DS) adversely affects …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Cadmium accumulation in crops and the possibility of Cd entering the food chain are serious
concerns for public health. This review discusses the deleterious effects of Cd in plants and …

Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world.
The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and …

Background Seed is vital for plant survival and dispersion, however, its development and
germination are influenced by various internal and external factors. Abscisic acid (ABA) is …

Key message Extensive crosstalk exists among ABA and different phytohormones that
modulate plant tolerance against different abiotic stress. Being sessile, plants are exposed …

Global environmental changes caused by natural and human activities have accelerated in
the past 200 years. The increase in greenhouse gases is predicted to continue to raise …