Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is the archetypal polypeptide precursor of hormones and
neuropeptides. In this review, we examine the variability in the individual peptides produced …

The adrenal gland plays a pivotal role in an organism's health span by controlling the
endocrine system. Decades of research on the adrenal gland have provided multiscale …

Stress activates a complex network of hormones known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–
adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is dysregulated in chronic stress and psychiatric …

Hormones control the major biological functions of stress response, growth, metabolism, and
reproduction. In animals, these hormones show pronounced seasonality, with different set …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder. It has a complex
and heterogeneous etiology. Most treatments take weeks to show effects and work well only …

Corticotrophs are intermediaries in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which
plays a crucial role in stress response in vertebrates. The HPA axis displays an intricate …

Objective As a consequence of global warming, the increase in the average annual
temperature is observed, while the living organisms actively adapt to these changes. High …

The adrenal cortex is an endocrine organ comprised of three histological zones, the
outermost zona glomerulosa, the intermediate zona fasciculata, and the innermost zona …

Consuming addictive drugs is often initially pleasurable, but escalating drug intake
eventually recruits physiological anti-reward systems called opponent processes that cause …

The importance and regulation of adrenal androgen production and signaling are not
completely understood and are scarcely studied. In addition, there is still a search for …