A large number of autoimmune diseases (ADs) are more prevalent in women. The more
frequent the AD and the later it appears, the more women are affected. Many ideas mainly …

The mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) has evolved to meet the
unique requirements of dealing with sexually transmitted bacterial and viral pathogens …

In mice, seminal fluid elicits an inflammation-like response in the female genital tract that
activates immune adaptations to advance the likelihood of conception and pregnancy. In this …

Women mount more vigorous antibody-and cell-mediated immune responses following
either infection or vaccination than men. The incidence of most autoimmune diseases is also …

Due to the female predominance of autoimmune diseases, the role of gender and sex
hormones in the immune system is of long-term interest. Estrogen's primary effects are …

Estrogen appears to play a central role in the immune response and immunemediated
diseases. Estrogen receptors are expressed in a variety of immunocompetent cells …

The female reproductive tract is immunologically unique in its requirement for tolerance to
allogeneic sperm and, in the upper tract, to the conceptus. However, it must also be …

Autoimmunity is controlled both by the environment and by genetic factors. One of the most
well defined genetic factors is polymorphisms, with some alleles of particular genes …

Mammalian reproduction poses an immunological paradox because fetal alloantigens
encoded by genes inherited from the father should provoke responses by maternal T cells …

Sex biases in autoimmunity and infection suggest that steroid sex hormones directly
modulate immune cells. We show in this study that 17-β-estradiol (E2) promotes the …