The mucosal immune system is the largest component of the entire immune system, having
evolved to provide protection at the main sites of infectious threat: the mucosae. As SARS …

Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines administered parenterally induce robust systemic
humoral and cellular responses. While highly effective against severe disease, there is …

Patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) become critically ill primarily
around the time of activation of the adaptive immune response. Here, we provide evidence …

Chronic inflammation is the main feature of many long-term inflammatory diseases such as
autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. There is a growing number of …

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract
infection and death in young infants and the elderly. With no effective prophylactic treatment …

Antibodies play a critical role in linking the adaptive immune response to the innate immune
system. In humans, antibodies are categorized into five classes, IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD …

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant immunoglobulin synthesized in the human
body. It has the highest concentration in the mucosa and is second only to IgG in serum. IgA …

Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral
infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During …

Transcytosis of polymeric IgA and IgM from the basolateral surface to the apical side of the
epithelium and subsequent secretion into mucosal fluids are mediated by the polymeric …

Among antibodies, IgA is unique because it has evolved to be secreted onto mucosal
surfaces. The structure of IgA and the associated secretory component allow IgA to survive …