The Earth as a planetary system has experienced significant change since its formation c.
4.54 Gyr ago. Some of these changes have been gradual, such as secular cooling of the …

Many outer solar system bodies are thought to harbor liquid water oceans beneath their ice
shells. This article first reviews how such oceans are detected. We then discuss how they …

We have developed an online radiative-transfer suite (https://psg. gsfc. nasa. gov) applicable
to a broad range of planetary objects (eg, planets, moons, comets, asteroids, TNOs, KBOs …

Plain Language Summary Women generally, and women of color specifically, have reported
hostile workplace experiences in astronomy and related fields for some time. However, little …

Haumea—one of the four known trans-Neptunian dwarf planets—is a very elongated and
rapidly rotating body,,. In contrast to other dwarf planets,,, its size, shape, albedo and density …

NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has revealed the complex geology of Pluto and Charon.
Pluto's encounter hemisphere shows ongoing surface geological activity centered on a vast …

INTRODUCTION The Kuiper Belt hosts a swarm of distant, icy objects ranging in size from
small, primordial planetesimals to much larger, highly evolved objects, representing a whole …

For the past 400 years, astronomers have sought to observe and interpret the Universe by
building more powerful telescopes. These incredible instruments extend the capabilities of …

Cannabis sativa is best known as the source of marijuana, the world's most widely
consumed illicit recreational drug. However, the plant is also extremely useful as a source of …

INTRODUCTION For several decades, telescopic observations have shown that Pluto has a
complex and intriguing atmosphere. But too little has been known to allow a complete …