It was once widely held that nearly all reactions in biology were catalyzed via mechanisms
involving paired electron species. Beginning approximately 40 years ago, this paradigm was …

Highlights•Industrially produced B vitamins are widely used in feed, food, cosmetics and
pharma.•Most B vitamins are produced by chemical synthesis in a non-sustainable …

Vitamins are a group of essential nutrients that are necessary to maintain normal metabolic
activities and optimal health. There are wide applications of different vitamins in food …

Covering: up to the end of 2017 C–C bond formations are frequently the key steps in
cofactor and natural product biosynthesis. Historically, C–C bond formations were thought to …

Covering: up to 2022 The report provides a broad approach to deciphering the evolution of
coenzyme biosynthetic pathways. Here, these various pathways are analyzed with respect …

Abstract α‐Amino acids are essential molecular constituents of life, twenty of which are
privileged because they are encoded by the ribosomal machinery. The question remains …

B vitamins are the precursors of essential metabolic cofactors but are prone to destruction
under stress conditions. It is therefore a priori reasonable that stressed plants suffer B …

S‐Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is an enzyme cofactor involved in methylation, aminopropyl
transfer, and radical reactions. This versatility renders SAM‐dependent enzymes of great …

'Hidden hunger'involves insufficient intake of micronutrients and is estimated to affect over
two billion people on a global scale. Malnutrition of vitamins and minerals is known to cause …

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), an essential co‐factor for all species, is biosynthesised
through a metabolically expensive pathway regulated by TPP riboswitches in bacteria, fungi …