Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and
is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the …

Many recognize that several behaviors potentially affecting the reward circuitry in human
brains lead to a loss of control and other symptoms of addiction in at least some individuals …

The amygdala processes positive and negative valence and contributes to addiction, but the
cell-type-specific gene regulatory programs involved are unknown. We generated an atlas of …

One hallmark of psychiatric conditions is the vast continuum of individual differences in
susceptibility vs. resilience resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental …

ΔFosB is a member of the Fos family of transcription factors. While other family members are
induced rapidly but transiently in response to a host of acute stimuli, ΔFosB is unique in that …

In addition to genetic information, environmental factors play an important role in the
structure and function of nervous system and the occurrence and development of some …

Stress exposure can produce profound changes in physiology and behavior that can impair
health and well-being. Of note, stress exposure is linked to anxiety disorders and depression …

The detrimental effects of drug abuse are apparently not limited to individuals but may also
impact the vulnerability of their progenies to develop addictive behaviours. Epigenetic …

Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing disorder in which repeated drug exposure
compromises brain neuroplasticity. Brain areas normally involved in learning and goal …

Environmental enrichment consisting of social peers and novel objects is known to alter
neurobiological functioning and have an influence on the behavioral effects of drugs of …