Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that, whilst initially driven by
activation of brain reward neurocircuits, increasingly engages anti-reward neurocircuits that …

Pain is a subjective experience that is influenced by genetics, gender, social, cultural and
personal parameters. Opposed to chronic pain, which by definition has to last for at least 3 …

Objective: In addition to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism, ketamine produces
opioid system activation. The objective of this study was to determine whether opioid …

Chronic pain, as a stress state, is one of the critical factors for determining depression, and
their coexistence tends to further aggravate the severity of both disorders. Unfortunately …

Opioids are powerful drugs that usurp and overpower the reward function of endogenous
opioids and engage dramatic tolerance and withdrawal via molecular and neurocircuitry …

Depression is a polygenic and highly complex psychiatric disorder that remains a major
burden on society. Antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) …

Opioids are effective analgesics, but their use is beset by serious side effects, including
addiction and respiratory depression, which contribute to the ongoing opioid crisis. The …

An estimated 50% of depressed patients are inadequately treated by available interventions.
Even with an eventual recovery, many patients require a trial and error approach, as there …

It has been established that 4.4 to 20% of the general population suffers from a major
depressive disorder (MDD), which is frequently associated with a dysregulation of normal …

Mu opioid receptor agonists are among the most powerful analgesic medications but also
among the most addictive. The current opioid crisis has energized a quest to develop opioid …