Hybrid electric vehicle technology (HEVT) is emerging as a reliable alternative to reduce the
constraints of battery-only driven pure electric vehicles (EVs). HVET utilizes an electric motor …

Abstract The integrated Electrical Control Unit (ECU) assumes a pivotal role in overseeing
and coordinating various components within mobility systems, encompassing the Vehicle …

This study presents a new auto-tuning nonlinear PID controller for a nonlinear electric
vehicle (EV) model. The purpose of the proposed control was to achieve two aims. The first …

This paper presents an efficient interval type 2 fuzzy (IT2F) based on a single neuron
proportional–integral–derivative (PID), also known as IT2FSNPID controller. The main …

Most of the medical datasets suffer from missing data, due to the expense of some tests or
human faults while recording these tests. This issue affects the performance of the machine …

Optics means a general area of physics that covers a broad range of topics relevant to the
study of light. Optics has subfields they are quantum optics, geometrical optics, and physical …

This research paper is focused on the development of a soft switching technique based non-
linear sliding mode controller (SMC) and hysteresis controller in DC buck converters to …

Three contributions are presented in this paper. Designing two cascade controllers to control
the position of two brushless DC motors (BLDC) working together at the same time is the first …

The need to cut carbon emissions and the worry about global warming will be two of the
major issues of the twenty-first century. Globally, academics are researching renewable …

The best P and PI controller parameters of the cascade control of the BLDC system are
determined using a new artificial intelligence-based optimization method called the slap …