Space is an extreme environment for the human body, where during long-term missions
microgravity and high radiation levels represent major threats to crew health. Intriguingly …

All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways
to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection …

Spaceflight can change metabolic, immunological, and biological homeostasis and cause
skin rashes and irritation, yet the molecular basis remains unclear. To investigate the impact …

The rodent hindlimb unloading (HU) model was developed in the 1980s to make it possible
to study mechanisms, responses, and treatments for the adverse consequences of …

Astronauts returning from space shuttle missions or the International Space Station have
been diagnosed with various health problems such as bone demineralization, muscle …

As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and …

Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a condition affecting astronauts
during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF). SANS is characterized by hyperopic refractive shifts …

Purpose As the average duration of space missions increases, astronauts will experience
longer periods of exposure to risks of long duration space flight including microgravity and …

Ocular trauma or other ocular conditions can be significantly debilitating in space. A
literature review of over 100 articles and NASA evidence books, queried for eye related …

Abstract Purpose of Review Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess
skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to …