Background Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is believed to play an important role in the
development and exacerbation of chronic pain, because dysfunction of CPM is associated …

Several studies have used neuroimaging techniques to investigate brain correlates of the
attentional modulation of pain. Although these studies have advanced the knowledge in the …

The biopsychosocial model (BPS) of chronic pain aspires to be comprehensive,
incorporating psychological and social factors omitted from biomedical models. Although …

Multiple emotional and cognitive factors impact on the experience of pain. This chapter will
review some of the most important emotional and cognitive determinants of the pain …

The neural mechanisms of the powerful analgesia induced by touching a painful body part
are controversial. A long tradition of neurophysiologic studies in anaesthetized spinal …

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a heterogeneous condition with various mechanisms (endotype) and
manifestations (phenotypes). Many worthy endeavors have been dedicated to exploring the …

To assess centrally mediated analgesic mechanisms in clinical trials with pain patients,
objective standardized methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) has many …

After reviewing the literature on current knowledge about consciousness in humans, we
present a state-of-the art discussion on consciousness and related key concepts in animals …

Key points Deep continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the right operculo‐insular
cortex delivered with a double cone coil selectively impairs the ability to perceive …

Technology, such as computer games and virtual reality (VR), can be used to distract
attention from pain. This type of non-pharmacological intervention is cost-effective, efficient …