Use of microbiome-based biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, risk profiling, and precision
therapy requires definition of a healthy microbiome in different populations. To determine …

Autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and
rheumatoid arthritis, have distinct clinical presentations but share underlying patterns of gut …

Food is a primordial need for our survival and well-being. However, diet is not only essential
to maintain human growth, reproduction, and health, but it also modulates and supports the …

Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is a well-studied probiotic bacterium that can colonize a
large number of mammals. In humans, L. reuteri is found in different body sites, including the …

Secondary bile acids (BAs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), two major types of bacterial
metabolites in the colon, cause opposing effects on colonic inflammation at chronically high …

The small intestine contains CD4+ CD8αα+ double-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes (DP
IELs), which originate from intestinal CD4+ T cells through down-regulation of the …

Lactobacillus species are found in nutrient-rich habitats associated with food, feed, plants,
animals and humans. Due to their economic importance, the metabolism, genetics and …

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) represents the largest interface between the human organism
and the external environment. In the lumen and upper part of the mucus layer, this organ …

Endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolites have an important role in mammalian gut immune
homeostasis, yet the potential contribution of Trp metabolites from resident microbiota has …

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains communities of microbes (bacteria, fungi,
viruses) that vary by anatomic location and impact human health. Microbial communities …